ბიზანტიური და ქართული ჰიმნოგრაფიის ისტორიიდან (გიორგი მთაწმინდელის რედაქციის ,,მარხვანი

აბსტრაქტი

სტატიიდან აღებული ავტორის ინგლისურენოვანი რეზიუმე:

Key words: Byzantine hymnography, George the Athonite, Georgian hymnog- raphy, “Lenten Triodion”.

The “Lenten Triodion” is one of the extremely important liturgical-hymnographical collections, which provides the hymns for the Lent period. This collection contains a treasury of Byzantine and Georgian hymnography – numerous hymns, the authors of which are the outstanding representatives of the Christian Church and culture. A great number of hymns have come down to us anonymously and the authorship attribution is impossible only by Greek sources. The Georgian “Lenten Triodion”, like all other liturgical books, reached the peak of its development thanks to the activity of the greatest representative of the Georgian Church and culture – George the Athonite (1009-1065).

Numerous manuscripts containing the “Lenten Triodion” under George the Athonite’s redaction have come down to us. Based on their study, one group of manuscripts 1 This research is based on the main outcomes obtained in the framework of the project funded by Shota Rustaveli Georgian National Science Foundation (FR17_127) “Byzantine and Georgian Hymnographic Heritage” (“Lenten Triodion under George the Athonite’s Redaction”). which is especially important for the study of this collection has been singled out. Our goal is to prepare for publication the academic text of the “Lenten Triodion” under George the Athonite’s redaction according to nine Georgian manuscripts of the XI-XV centuries, along with relevant studies.

Among the manuscripts contained in this collection, special importance is attached to the manuscript kept at the National Library of Paris – Paris. Georg. 5. As it turns out, this is a unique manuscript of this collection having autograph importance, which we took as a basis for the publication of the “Lenten Triodion” under George the Athonite’s redaction. On the basis of codified, historical and liturgical study of Paris. Georg. 5, it was found out that this manuscript was compiled on the Black Mountain near Antioch. Taking into consideration various sources, including George the Athonite’s “Life”, it was also established that a complete, final redaction of the “Lenten Triodion” was compiled by George the Athonite on the Black Mountain in the years 1056 – 1059.

The study of George the Athonite’s “Lenten Triodion” testifies to the fact that this is a collection that fully reflects Byzantine liturgical practice of the earlier epoch and the time contemporary to George the Athonite. The colophons of George the Athonite preserved in Paris. Georg. 5 also attest the same. In the “Lenten” of George the Athonite’s version, each day of the Great Lent contains extensive hymnographical material – numerous small-sized hymns of different type, several cycles of hymns of specific form (three-odes) and hymns of complex poetical form – hymnographical canons whose authors are outstanding representatives of Byzantine hymnography.

A collection of similar completeness is not found in existing publications of “Greek Triodion” and in the manuscripts described in scholarly literature. Such collection is not identified in the Slavonic “Triodions”, which represent exact analogues of the Greek “Triodions” of the Constantinopolian period. The “Lenten Triodion” under George the Athonite’s redaction is characterized by great accuracy in authorship attribution of hymns and establishment of their texts, which is of great scientific importance today. In the course of the research, the monog- rams denoting their authorship were deciphered, as well as the monogram “†”, which is indicated at the hymns of archaic type – “ibakoi”.

Comparison of the well-known Greek-Slavonic “Triodions” known for today and the collections described in the scholarly literature has shown that George the Athonite’s “Lenten”, especially the manuscript Paris. Georg. 5 is a means for identifi- cation or reconstruction of numerous specimens of Byzantine hymnography. Among them is Romanos the Melodist, a great creator recognized as the founder of Byzantine hymnography itself. As it turns out, it was he who wrote one of the most ancient hymns of Byzantine hymnography, which was previously regarded as anonymous and recognized the “ancient ancestor” of Romanos the Melodist and his school. Most of the hymns included in the “Lenten Triodion” were translated by George the Athonite himself.

There are several cases when George, along with his own translation, also provides a previous translation – in cases when these translations are distinguished by special literary merits. Georgian translations of George the Athonite preserved in the “Lenten Triodion” are the best examples of the art of Georgian translation. These texts, created with the aim of contextual and rhythmic-melodic approximation with the originals, leave the impression of the specimens of original writing. George the Athonite had a thorough mastery of the Georgian lexical stock of his time. At the same time, he creates new lexical units and terms. The comparison of the hymns included in George the Athonite’s “Lenten Triodion” with the previous manuscripts revealed another feature of his activity – the arrangement and preciseness of the most complex rhythmical and melodic metres of the hymns.

The similar work was performed by him in Romanos Melodos’s hymns – the text of each of them is presented in the Paris manuscript according to the “new rule” – correspondence of the troparia to the heirmoi, which was common at that time. Apparently, he did a similar work on the entire repertoire for the “Lenten Triodion”. For the final establishment of the text, among numerous manuscripts containing the “Lenten Triodion” together with Paris. Georg. 5 we have selected 8 manuscripts dating from XI-XIII centuries. They are: Ath. 59 (XI c.), Ath. 38 (XI c.), A 568 (XII c.), Jer. 61 (XIII-XV cc), Jer.130 (XI-XIII cc), Jer. 67 (XII c.), Jer. 56 (XII-XIII cc) and Jer.141 (XIII-XV cc).

The study of these manuscripts has shown that the “Lenten Triodion” is one of the first collections that George the Athonite started to work at while laboring on Mount Athos. The full, final edition of the “Lenten Triodion” was preceded by the first, short redaction of this collection, which is preserved in the Athonian manuscript, Ath. 59. A comparative study of the manuscripts containing George the Athonite’s “Lenten Triodion” has given us the opportunity of final establishment of the text. The study of the colophons and inscriptions attached to these manuscripts has revealed several hitherto unknown facts from the history of the activities of the zealous Georgians on Mount Athos.

გამოქვეყნებულია ჟურნალში „სჯანი“, ტ. 21 (2020), გვ. 122–144. ნაშრომის გახსნა